What is the best method to purify water?

Boiling water is one of the most effective methods for purifying water because it kills or inactivates a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. When water reaches a rolling boil for at least one minute (or three minutes at higher elevations), it effectively reduces the risk of waterborne diseases. The high temperature disrupts the cellular structures of these microorganisms, rendering them harmless.

While other methods, such as chemical purifiers or filter systems, can also be effective, they may not address all types of contaminants. Chemical purifiers, for instance, can take time to work and may not be reliable against certain pathogens without proper dosage and contact time. Filter systems are effective, especially for particulate matter and some pathogens, but they can fail if the filter becomes clogged or if the water has a high level of contamination that exceeds the filter's capacity. A solar still can purify water through evaporation and condensation but often requires more time and is less practical in emergency situations compared to boiling.

In summary, boiling water is a straightforward and efficient method to ensure that water is safe for consumption, particularly in survival situations where other means of purification may not be available or effective.